causal inference

Afghanistan is the most prayerful nation while China is the least prayerful and most populous country. Namibia has the highest TFP while US is the largest economy. Lower middle-income countries say more daily prayers than high-income countries but high-income countries larger GDP per capita and the highest innovation index. Countries with Top1000-rated universities could achieve significant progress towards development faster than those which do not have.

We use a rigorous three-stage many-analysts design to assess how different researcher decisions—specifically data cleaning, research design, and the interpretation of a policy question—affect the variation in estimated treatment effects. A total of …